coping skills for students during covid 19

The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182, Wan, W. (2020). Before Try to get in at least one physical activity each day. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Using a sample of professional traders, we find a significant decrease in agreeableness and locus of control and a moderate decrease in grit. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Helpful strategies of coping Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467487. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Gilbert, D. (2007). The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). (2015). Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Stumbling on happiness. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. Correlation analyses (see Table 1) revealed significant and positive correlations between four PsyCap HERO dimensions (i.e., hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011) and the six PERMA elements (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health; Butler & Kern, 2016). A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. All rights reserved. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. Distanced learning. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 10;13(2):429-439. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13020032. A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most That is, what coping In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. Web1. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. Guilford. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Gallup. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267283. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. WebDr. The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (20072017). During the pandemic, optimism, hope, and resiliency have been significant predictors of well-being. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). Research Question 1 During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Youth can https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. 216.368.2000 of this manuscript. Breathing exercises - Psychologist Dr. Karen Treisman leads you through a variety of quick, effective exercises to soothe the nervous system: Houseparty App: a free social networking service that allows groups to play games together virtually. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Research Question 3 Engage your senses with hot baths or fragrant candles. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? 2023. -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. University Students and Mental Health You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Mediator coping strategies. Physical health significantly reduced from 6.58 to 5.91. They could also be adapted to provide services online. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434, Hazan Liran, B., & Miller, P. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Field, A. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Teaching university students active coping strategies, such as positive reframing and how to access emotional support, could help them cope with adverse situations. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. (2019). government site. BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. Instruments The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). College Quarterly, 16(1). (2017). Medicine, Psychology. https://www.chronicle.com/article/distanced-learning, Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Personality and coping. With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. Do something physical like dancing. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Your classes may now be virtual. At a time of significant stress, promoting the highest human performance and adaptation not only helps with well-being in the midst of the challenge but also can provide a foundation for future potential for optimal well-being (Joseph & Linley, 2008). PMC Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. (2013). The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. P = Positive Emotion, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Another thing you cant control? Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). doi: 10.2196/22817. Get enough sleep. Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, student nurses were faced with lot of challenges at both clinical and teaching and learning environment. The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? Atria Books. Below are strategies and resources that may help you cope with stress. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. It was found that nursing students have negative coping methods, such as not being able to manage time well due to constraints at home and spending too much time on the phone, internet, and computer. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. (2018). The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x Positive psychological capital development: A field study by the Solomon four group design. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. But too much news especially social media can add to your anxiety. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). (2015). iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548556. Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health * p < .05, ** p < .01. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. Psychological capital and well-being. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. Eat well. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. WebCOVID-19 pandemic made a sudden shift of all ages to online learning and distance learning instructions. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. Exercise regularly. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. (2020, April 14). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Accessibility Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Coping Strategies Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. A further consideration is that the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) may not be associated with similar outcomes for people of other cultures and backgrounds during COVID-19. Instruments utilized in the study measured psychological capital (Psychological Capital Questionnaire [PCQ-12]; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), coping (Brief COPE; Carver, 1997), and well-being (PERMA-Profiler; Butler & Kern, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. International Business Research, 8(10), 102111. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207222. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). (2013). There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. You might feel unmotivated now. 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. All of these changes may have influenced students health The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). (2008). Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Both individual counseling and group-based programming focused on PsyCap and positive coping strategies could support the well-being of university students as they experience ongoing stressors related to the pandemic or as they face other setbacks. The five pillars of well-being are defined and measured separately but are correlated constructs that together are considered to result in flourishing (Seligman, 2011). Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Thus, efficient interventions that are not likely to trigger stigma responses are helpful in this context. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738, Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). If you notice that you are feeling upset or more irritable, take a break from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media. 2021. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Oxford University Press. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Front. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). Northwestern University. Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 405415). The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. By administering the PERMA-Profiler to university students, counselors could identify and understand what dimension of well-being should be further developed (Umucu et al., 2020). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. Resilience, the ability to recover from setbacks when pathways are blocked (Masten, 2001), had a predictive role on positive emotion and accomplishment in this study. COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19.

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