rajatarangini was translated into persian by

Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. } Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Concerning past occasions. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. From Stein's translation:[3]. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. The relative It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Son of Partha. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. This quarterly has been published regularly since The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. all exact any . This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Corrections? In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Rajatarangini belongs. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? . During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Hiranya died childless. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. orders. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Verse 15. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. After that, the English translation. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Verse 13. Answer. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Verse 11. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. section. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Translation of " " into Persian . His family ruled for many generations. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Abstract. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Murdered by Radda. Wife of Damodara. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. 2011 Duke University Press The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Nothing is known about his origin. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Sussala's son. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. View all Google Scholar citations They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. View Answer The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Turn on. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Son of Sukhavarman. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Request Permissions. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Sanskrit The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. After ruling indirectly and directly. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana.