why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. King Philip of Spain sent an. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. She was a Protestant. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . 214 High Street, Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Why religious compromise was so difficult. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Continue with Recommended Cookies. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Company Reg no: 04489574. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Company Reg no: 04489574. VAT reg no 816865400. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Student / Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. Topic guides / Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Elizabeth I: a biography. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Doodle's Point of View Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. From there we will look at the career . By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. This increased tension between England and Spain. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). VAT reg no 816865400. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! The conspirators including Babington were all. 214 High Street, The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Boston House, The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. . Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Most people in . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule .